Dams
Dam; it is a water structure built on a stream. It is usually built to accumulate water to obtain energy from this accumulated mass, to prevent floods, to facilitate irrigation for agriculture, and to promote tourism as well.
According to the purpose of construction, dams have several types such as earth fill, arch, rock fill and weight dams. In terms of cost and usage purposes, generally preferred dam types are earth and rock filled ones. When filling these dams during construction, the selection of grain types in accordance with the project, analysis in the laboratory environment and careful selection of the grain diameters in the specified parts of the dam body have great importance in terms of water retention capacity. For the health of the concrete and reinforced concrete sections, the establishment of complete concrete batching plants is important for reducing the cost and increasing the quality of the concrete.
Dams are considered as art structures such as bridges, long span and high column viaducts, large diameter and high length tunnels, and they create costly processes in terms of the process from the project design to the end of the field applications. For these purposes, it is necessary to make very good work programs, to appoint project managers and site supervisors who are experienced in the construction of dams, to constantly analyze the applications on site and to eliminate the problems that may occur, and to submit the reports to local tender authorities. Unfortunately, due to inadequate planning due to haste and unfavorable measures, many dam projects cannot be brought to the deadline. Failure to complete many formal projects such as this is damaging the country's economy to a great extent. In the case of projects outside this type of settlement, the problems that may occur should be taken as soon as possible and transportation and housing problems should be solved immediately.
Structural Statics
The purposes of structural statics are to stabilize and provide the structure balanced in x, y and z axes against certain loads by using economical methods and to dimension the structural members in accordance with the regulations by providing this balance. The method "Cross" is the most widely used one in Structural Statics. In the Cross Method, the system is balanced by using the rigidity measurements of the structural elements. The moments arising from the loads coming to the structure are distributed to the joint points of all the structural elements according to Euler-Bernoulli Beam Theory. The sections are then dimensioned according to rules and methods in reinforced concrete or steel structures according to the shear force, moment and axial loads coming to the sections through the balanced system.
System Identification in Structures
In general terms, System Identification is to make mathematical models of these systems by using statistical methods with the results of the data obtained by making measurements on a laboratory or a system which is monitored in practice. With these mathematical models, the characteristics of the respective systems are obtained and the results are improved according to the results.
If we add the word "existing" prior to the word "structures", System Identification in structures is defined as using various vibration data obtained with acceleration recorders/sensors on the relevant structure. Natural periods, mode shapes and damping rates in the frequency spaces are obtained from the time definition interval of these data by using mathematical data. Based on the results of the natural modes, it is judged whether or not the current structure is earthquake resistant.
There are certain steps for System Identification in structures. These stages;
1 - Receiving data (acceleration, displacement, etc.) from the structure
2- Analysis of this data
3- Obtaining mode shapes, damping ratios and natural frequencies from the obtained results
The resistance of the existing structure to any future earthquakes can be determined when these steps are performed. Data are collected with the necessary measuring devices, the data is analyzed with the related software (MATLAB) and natural frequencies and their mode shapes and damping rates are obtained by various methods.
System Identification Types in Structures:
The two most commonly used system identification tests are:
1- Tests conducted with the data generated by the vibrations from the current environment
2- Tests conducted with the data generated by vibrations in the structure obtained by giving force
Tests with Vibrations from the Environment:
The characteristics of the structure of the modes can be obtained from the data obtained from the vibrations created by the many forces coming from the factors in the environment where the structure is located. Environmental factors; for example, the vibrations caused by vehicles traveling on the surrounding transport roads, people moving in the building, machines working in or near the building. The modal characteristics of the vibrations on the structure of the vibrations consisting of random signals generated by the forces coming from these factors are obtained by the ways described above. The advantage of this method is that it can only collect data with accelerometers and analyze them using mathematical methods and software without any force-generating devices. The disadvantage is that white sinusoidal or cosinusoidal signals cannot be obtained, which can be clearly seen from the system.
Tests with forced vibrations:
By placing a device that provides vibration (electro-mass shaker, mass shaker, etc.) in any suitable place of the structure, it is possible to obtain signals consisting of clean sinusoidal or cosinusoidal functions from certain points of the structure. Since the signals are cleaner here, there is no need to use complex methods used in tests with vibrations from the environment, easier methods are available. Therefore, it is a more preferred method. The advantage is that more precise modal results are obtained, the disadvantage is that it is costly, and that ground-structure interactions occur when high-frequency forces are applied, resulting in errors in determining natural periods and other characteristics.
What is concrete?
It is a building material obtained by mixing sand, gravel or light aggregate, crushed stone, cement and water in appropriate proportions. One of the best properties of concrete is its plastic consistency which enables the desired shape to be formed. Since the concrete starts to harden after it is put into the mold, it gains strength as time passes.
What is Reinforced Concrete?
In order to compensate the tensile stresses in concrete, "steel bars" are used. When steel and concrete are used together, a composite building material, "reinforced concrete" is produced. In this material, the task of concrete is pressure, and the task of steel bars is to meet the tensile stresses. However, in some special cases, these rods also help pressure.
There are some additives in the market in order to complete the production of reinforced concrete in a healthy way and careful usage of them is of great importance against the negative side effects that may occur.
What is Civil Engineering?
It is the branch of engineering which is related to providing the inspection process during the planning, project and construction stages with the use of the materials required for any structure to be constructed with appropriate techniques. By "structure" is meant herein; all kinds of buildings, multi-storey buildings such as skyscrapers, highways, bridges, industrial plants, viaducts, water tanks, treatment plants, gas stations, oil refineries and all kinds of imaginable structures. "Civil Engineering", the English equivalent of Civil Engineering can be interpreted as civilizing engineering. Because the civilization (civilization) areas, the necessary for the people to live in the households and socio-cultural needs in terms of structures, the theater, cinema halls, buildings, municipalities and similar public institutions, where necessary for public needs, shopping buildings, schools , hospitals, bridges, highways and similar structures are built and used for the existence of civilization. On the other hand, non-civilized areas; for example, deserts and seas, but there are also constructions in the name of the existence of civilization in order to meet the basic needs of people.
When we look at the ancient cities and their ruins in history, we encounter structures such as amphitheatres, official buildings and households built for the people who lived in these periods. The existence of these ancient civilizations was provided by the construction of the buildings of that period, as explained above. In other words, civilization engineers played their roles here.
Who is a Civil Engineer?
It is the technical personnel who takes the responsibility, and completes one or more of these stages according to the technique at the same time in one or more of the stages of planning, projecting and construction, which are the stages of a construction job. A beginner-level civil engineer can first begin his career in areas where there are not many tasks and responsibilities, and in later times, he can also take part in more complex and demanding projects by gaining his knowledge and skills.
At the end of the 4 to 5-year period in the engineering faculties of universities, the Bachelor's Degree in Civil Engineering is awarded according to the appropriate degree of success. Graduates of this department are given the title of "civil engineer". If desired, in order to specialize in the academic field, master degree education can be obtained as civil engineering engineer, doctoral degree, assistant professor and associate professor titles. In order to become a professor, academic career should be continued in the same way and the necessary the title "professor" is obtained by showing the necessary academic success degrees.
The Branches of Civil Engineering
- Geotechnical Engineering
- Structural Engineering
- Hydraulic Engineering
- Earthquake Engineering
- Coastal Engineering
- Transportation Engineering
Please refer to the relevant academic resources for detailed explanations.
Dam; it is a water structure built on a stream. It is usually built to accumulate water to obtain energy from this accumulated mass, to prevent floods, to facilitate irrigation for agriculture, and to promote tourism as well.
According to the purpose of construction, dams have several types such as earth fill, arch, rock fill and weight dams. In terms of cost and usage purposes, generally preferred dam types are earth and rock filled ones. When filling these dams during construction, the selection of grain types in accordance with the project, analysis in the laboratory environment and careful selection of the grain diameters in the specified parts of the dam body have great importance in terms of water retention capacity. For the health of the concrete and reinforced concrete sections, the establishment of complete concrete batching plants is important for reducing the cost and increasing the quality of the concrete.
Dams are considered as art structures such as bridges, long span and high column viaducts, large diameter and high length tunnels, and they create costly processes in terms of the process from the project design to the end of the field applications. For these purposes, it is necessary to make very good work programs, to appoint project managers and site supervisors who are experienced in the construction of dams, to constantly analyze the applications on site and to eliminate the problems that may occur, and to submit the reports to local tender authorities. Unfortunately, due to inadequate planning due to haste and unfavorable measures, many dam projects cannot be brought to the deadline. Failure to complete many formal projects such as this is damaging the country's economy to a great extent. In the case of projects outside this type of settlement, the problems that may occur should be taken as soon as possible and transportation and housing problems should be solved immediately.
Structural Statics
The purposes of structural statics are to stabilize and provide the structure balanced in x, y and z axes against certain loads by using economical methods and to dimension the structural members in accordance with the regulations by providing this balance. The method "Cross" is the most widely used one in Structural Statics. In the Cross Method, the system is balanced by using the rigidity measurements of the structural elements. The moments arising from the loads coming to the structure are distributed to the joint points of all the structural elements according to Euler-Bernoulli Beam Theory. The sections are then dimensioned according to rules and methods in reinforced concrete or steel structures according to the shear force, moment and axial loads coming to the sections through the balanced system.
System Identification in Structures
In general terms, System Identification is to make mathematical models of these systems by using statistical methods with the results of the data obtained by making measurements on a laboratory or a system which is monitored in practice. With these mathematical models, the characteristics of the respective systems are obtained and the results are improved according to the results.
If we add the word "existing" prior to the word "structures", System Identification in structures is defined as using various vibration data obtained with acceleration recorders/sensors on the relevant structure. Natural periods, mode shapes and damping rates in the frequency spaces are obtained from the time definition interval of these data by using mathematical data. Based on the results of the natural modes, it is judged whether or not the current structure is earthquake resistant.
There are certain steps for System Identification in structures. These stages;
1 - Receiving data (acceleration, displacement, etc.) from the structure
2- Analysis of this data
3- Obtaining mode shapes, damping ratios and natural frequencies from the obtained results
Accelerometers placed at certain points of a suspension bridge can be used to determine the strength loss due to the traffic loads or the loads caused by the earthquake during a certain period of time.
The resistance of the existing structure to any future earthquakes can be determined when these steps are performed. Data are collected with the necessary measuring devices, the data is analyzed with the related software (MATLAB) and natural frequencies and their mode shapes and damping rates are obtained by various methods.
System Identification Types in Structures:
The two most commonly used system identification tests are:
1- Tests conducted with the data generated by the vibrations from the current environment
2- Tests conducted with the data generated by vibrations in the structure obtained by giving force
Tests with Vibrations from the Environment:
The characteristics of the structure of the modes can be obtained from the data obtained from the vibrations created by the many forces coming from the factors in the environment where the structure is located. Environmental factors; for example, the vibrations caused by vehicles traveling on the surrounding transport roads, people moving in the building, machines working in or near the building. The modal characteristics of the vibrations on the structure of the vibrations consisting of random signals generated by the forces coming from these factors are obtained by the ways described above. The advantage of this method is that it can only collect data with accelerometers and analyze them using mathematical methods and software without any force-generating devices. The disadvantage is that white sinusoidal or cosinusoidal signals cannot be obtained, which can be clearly seen from the system.
Tests with forced vibrations:
By placing a device that provides vibration (electro-mass shaker, mass shaker, etc.) in any suitable place of the structure, it is possible to obtain signals consisting of clean sinusoidal or cosinusoidal functions from certain points of the structure. Since the signals are cleaner here, there is no need to use complex methods used in tests with vibrations from the environment, easier methods are available. Therefore, it is a more preferred method. The advantage is that more precise modal results are obtained, the disadvantage is that it is costly, and that ground-structure interactions occur when high-frequency forces are applied, resulting in errors in determining natural periods and other characteristics.
In order to carry out the measurement operations in a healthy way, it is necessary to have a good "system identification" knowledge.
What is concrete?
It is a building material obtained by mixing sand, gravel or light aggregate, crushed stone, cement and water in appropriate proportions. One of the best properties of concrete is its plastic consistency which enables the desired shape to be formed. Since the concrete starts to harden after it is put into the mold, it gains strength as time passes.
What is Reinforced Concrete?
In order to compensate the tensile stresses in concrete, "steel bars" are used. When steel and concrete are used together, a composite building material, "reinforced concrete" is produced. In this material, the task of concrete is pressure, and the task of steel bars is to meet the tensile stresses. However, in some special cases, these rods also help pressure.
There are some additives in the market in order to complete the production of reinforced concrete in a healthy way and careful usage of them is of great importance against the negative side effects that may occur.
What is Civil Engineering?
It is the branch of engineering which is related to providing the inspection process during the planning, project and construction stages with the use of the materials required for any structure to be constructed with appropriate techniques. By "structure" is meant herein; all kinds of buildings, multi-storey buildings such as skyscrapers, highways, bridges, industrial plants, viaducts, water tanks, treatment plants, gas stations, oil refineries and all kinds of imaginable structures. "Civil Engineering", the English equivalent of Civil Engineering can be interpreted as civilizing engineering. Because the civilization (civilization) areas, the necessary for the people to live in the households and socio-cultural needs in terms of structures, the theater, cinema halls, buildings, municipalities and similar public institutions, where necessary for public needs, shopping buildings, schools , hospitals, bridges, highways and similar structures are built and used for the existence of civilization. On the other hand, non-civilized areas; for example, deserts and seas, but there are also constructions in the name of the existence of civilization in order to meet the basic needs of people.
When we look at the ancient cities and their ruins in history, we encounter structures such as amphitheatres, official buildings and households built for the people who lived in these periods. The existence of these ancient civilizations was provided by the construction of the buildings of that period, as explained above. In other words, civilization engineers played their roles here.
Who is a Civil Engineer?
It is the technical personnel who takes the responsibility, and completes one or more of these stages according to the technique at the same time in one or more of the stages of planning, projecting and construction, which are the stages of a construction job. A beginner-level civil engineer can first begin his career in areas where there are not many tasks and responsibilities, and in later times, he can also take part in more complex and demanding projects by gaining his knowledge and skills.
At the end of the 4 to 5-year period in the engineering faculties of universities, the Bachelor's Degree in Civil Engineering is awarded according to the appropriate degree of success. Graduates of this department are given the title of "civil engineer". If desired, in order to specialize in the academic field, master degree education can be obtained as civil engineering engineer, doctoral degree, assistant professor and associate professor titles. In order to become a professor, academic career should be continued in the same way and the necessary the title "professor" is obtained by showing the necessary academic success degrees.
The Branches of Civil Engineering
- Geotechnical Engineering
- Structural Engineering
- Hydraulic Engineering
- Earthquake Engineering
- Coastal Engineering
- Transportation Engineering
Please refer to the relevant academic resources for detailed explanations.